Participle I

General Characteristics
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.
There are two participles in English — Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.
These traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II need not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense, but chiefly a difference in voice.

The Formation of Participle I

Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb; the following spelling rules should be observed:(a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped before adding the suffix -ing: to give — giving, to close — closing.
(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel rendering a short stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before adding the suffix -ing: to run — running, to forget — forgetting, to admit— admitting.

A final l is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel—expelling, to travel — travelling.(c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following way: dying, lying, tying.

A final у is not changed before adding the suffix -ing: to comply — complying, to deny — denying.

Verbal Characteristics

  

1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.Opening the door, he went out on to the terrace. (Galsworthy)

2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.
  Leaving the room hurriedly, he ran out. (Thackeray)

3.  Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle I has the following forms:

-Active:  writing(Indefinite), have writing( Perfect);

Passive: being written( Indefenite), having been written( Perfect)

New exercises
Exercise 1  (Multiple choice)
Exercise 2 (multiple choice)
Exercise 3  (combining two parts of the sentence by using participle)
Exercise 4  (multiple choice)
Exercise 5 (gap fill)
Exercise 6  (multiple choice)
Exercise 7 (multiple choice)
Exercise 8 (multiple choice)
Exercise 9 (gap fill)
Exercise 10 (multiple choice)

Advanced level
Exercise 1 (gap fill)
Exercise 2 (gap fill)
Exercises 3 (multiple choice)
Exercise 4 (multiple choice)
Exercise 5 (multiple choice)
Exercises 6  (correct the following sentences)
Exercises 7 (multiple choice)
Exercise 8 (multiple choice)
Exercise 9 (gap fill)
Exercise 10 (multiple choice)


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