Moods

1. Direct

- the Indicative - expresses facts (i.e. the speaker represents the action as a real fact). Verbs in the Indicative mood have tense, aspect, voice.

e.g. He phoned an hour ago that he was starting at once.

- the Imperative - expresses the will of the speaker in the form of commands and requests.

- commands 

- requests 

- Let's 

- Will you

2. Oblique

- the Conditional - expresses the unreal action the unreality of which is due to the absence of the necessary conditions.

e.g. If I were free I'd go for a walk.

- Subjunctive II - represents the action as contrary to reality.

e.g. Oh, I wish I'd never seen him.

- the Suppositional - represents the action as problematic but not contradicting to reality ( i.e. as desirable, suggested, supposed).

e.g. It was better that she should go to Madam Donovan.

- Subjunctive I - is close to the suppositional mood in its meaning but is mostly used in the language of official documents and the American variant of English.

e.g. God save the Queen.

SUBJUNCTIVE I AND II

SUBJUNCTIVE I.

Subjunctive I is close to the Suppositional mood in its meaning (i.e. represents the action as problematic but not contradicting to reality, that is
as desirable, suggested, supposed, etc.).

I. Subjunctive I has only one form - the form which is homonymic with the form of the Indefinite (Simple) Infinitive:

I	be, write
he/she/ it
we
you
they

Subjunctive I is never used with the reference to the past.
Subjunctive I is never used with the negation.

The use of Subjunctive I.

№	The usage	The example
1.	In simple sentences (usually exclamatory) with an optative meaning.	So be it! Successattend you! God blessyou!
2.	In subject clauses after the principal clauses denoting subjective appraisal of the action or situation described in the subordinate clause (e.g. it is necessary/ impossible/ strange/ annoying/ a shame/ a pity/ etc. + that).	It's incredible that sherise so early.
3.	In object, predicative and attributive clauses after verbs and nouns denoting suggestion, demand, recommendation and order (e.g. to demand/ insist/ suggest/ advise/ request/ etc; suggestion/ advice/ recommendation/ etc. + that).	He suggested that wetake part in the party.
4.	In object, predicative and appositive clauses after the expressions denoting feelings (e.g. to be glad/ afraid/ sorry/ anxious/ etc. + that).	He was sorry that we miss the concert.
5.	In object, predicative and appositive, clauses after the expressions of fear (e.g. to fear, to worry, to be afraid, for fear, worry, etc.) with the conjunction lest.	They were afraid lest we be late.
6.	In adverbial clauses of purpose after the conjunctions' in case, in order that, so that.	Close the window so that we be warm.

SUBJUNCTIVE II.

Subjunctive II represents the action as unreal, as contrary to reality.
I. the Past Indefinite (were, went) - the non - perfect form - refers the action to the present or the future, i.e. expresses simultaneousness.
II. the Past Perfect (had been/gone) - the perfect form - refers the action to the past (when the action is not fulfilled), i.e. expresses priority.

The use of Subjunctive II.

№	The usage	The example
1.	In adverbial clauses of unreal condition after the conjunctions if, on condition, in case, and of concession after even if, eventhough.	I'd do it at once if I were you. Even though he were free, he wouldn't go with us.
2.	In object clauses after the verb to wish to express an unreal desired action.	I wish I could skate (the action refers to the present and the future) I wish you had come to the party. (the action refers to the past) I wish you would stoplistening to that terrible music. (expressing annoyance)
3.	In exclamatory sentences to express a wish which cannot be fulfilled after if only.	If only he had given me a chance!
4.	In adverbial clauses after the conjunctions as if, as though	He smiled as if he were amused by my joke. You look as if you had not slept.
5.	After the expressions it’s time, it’s high time.	It’s time he were here.
6.	In adverbial clauses of purpose after the conjunctions so that, in order that, in case.	Put down my phone number so that you could get in touch with me whenever you want.
7.	In simple sentences to express a) advice b) preference.	a) It's getting dark. You hadbetter switch on the light. b) I would rather (sooner) stayat home.

NOTE: If it's necessary to use a modal verb, we use it instead of the auxiliary verb.

Online exercises:

Intermediate

exercise 1
(Chose the right verb in the right tense)
exercise 2
(Express the subjunctive)
exercise 3
(Choose the right verb)
exercise 4
(Subjunctive Quiz)
exercise 5
(Put in the correct verb forms)
exercise 6
(English exercise "I wish I were...")
exercise 7
(Write the verb in brackets in the subjunctive)
exercise 8
(Choose the right verb)
exercise 9
(Real or unreal? Indicative Mood or Subjunctive Mood? Choose the most appropriate answer)
exercise 10
(Real or unreal? Indicative Mood or Subjunctive Mood? Choose the most appropriate answer)

exercise 11

(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 12
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 13
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 14
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 15

(Read the choices and choose the best answer)

Advanced

exercise 1
(Gap-fill Exercise)
exercise 2
(Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning)
exercise 3
(Choose the most appropriate answer)
exercise 4
(Choose the most appropriate answer)
exercise 5
(Choose the most appropriate answer)
exercise 6
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)

exercise 7

(Read the choices and choose the best answer)

exercise 8

(Read the choices and choose the best answer)

exercise 9
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 10
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 11
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 12
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 13
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 14
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 15
(Interactive exercises on subjunctive)

Test
Key

The Conditional Mood.The Suppositional Mood.

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.

The Conditional Mood expresses the unreal action the unreality of which is due to the absence of the necessary conditions.

I. (should) would + the simple inf. - the non-perfect form - refers the action to the present or the future, i.e. expresses simultaneousness.
II. (should) would + the perfect inf. - the perfect form - refers the action to the past, i.e. expresses priority.

The use of the Conditional Mood.

№	The usage	The example
1.	In the principal part of sentences with adverbial clauses of unreal condition and concession introduced by if, even if (so-calledconditional sentences of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th types*).	If I were you I would gothere at once. Even if you had gone to the park, you wouldn’t have seen the singer.
2.	In simple sentences when the condition may be implied by the context.	I’d like you to make friends with Nick. It would be nice for you.
3.	In simple sentences after the combination but for(если бы не)	But for the rain theywould have tidied upthe garden.
4.	In sentences and clauses after the conjunctive adverb otherwise.	We were lucky to have fine weather otherwise we would have out offour outing.

* The. conditional sentence of the 2nd type refers the action to the present or the future.
e.g. If he were not ill he would come.
The conditional sentence of the 3rd type refers the action to the past.
e.g. He had plenty of money then, but I'd have married him even if he hadn't had a cent.
The conditional sentence of the 4th type means that one part of the sentence refers the action to the present or the future but the other refers the action to the past.
e.g. If I hadn't done that work then, I wouldn't be free today.
NOTE: We can use a modal verb instead of the auxiliary verb if it's necessary.

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD.

The Suppositional represents the action as problematic but not contradicting to reality (i.e. as desirable, suggested, supposed, etc).
I. should + the simple inf. - the non - perfect form - refers the action to the present or the future, i.e. expresses simultaneousness.
II. should + the perfect inf. - the perfect form - refers the action to the past, i.e. expresses priority.

The use of the Suppositional Mood.

№	The usage	The example
1.	In subject clauses after the principal clauses denoting subjective appraisal of the action or situation described in the subordinate clause (e.g. it is necessary/ impossible/ strange/ annoying/ a shame/ a pity/ etc. + that).	It's incredible that sheshould haverisen so early.
2.	In object, predicative and attributive clauses after verbs and nouns denoting suggestion, recommendation and order (e.g.to demand/ insist/ suggest/ advise/ request/ etc; suggestion/ advice/ recommendation/ etc + that).	He suggested that weshould takepart in the party.
3.	In object, predicative and appositive clauses after the expressions denoting feelings (e.g. to be glad/ afraid/ sorry/ anxious/ etc. + that).	He was sorry that weshould havemissed the train.
4.	In object, predicative and appositive clauses after the expressions of fear (e.g. to fear, to worry, to be afraid, for fear, worry, etc.) with the conjunction lest.	They feared lest we should be late.
5.	In adverbial clauses of purpose after the conjunctions in case, in order that, so that.	Close the window so that weshould not be cold.

NOTE: the Suppositional Mood is used in the British variant of English, especially if the sentence is emotionally coloured.

Exercises

The Conditional Mood
Intermediate
Exercise 1
(Put the verbs into the correct form)
Exercise 2
(Put the verbs into the correct form)
Exercise 3
(Complete the zero conditional sentences with the verb in brackets)
Exercise 4
(Make the first conditional)
Exercise 5
(Put the verbs in brackets in Conditional II)

Exercise 6

(match both parts of the conditional sentences)

Exercise 7

(Chose right or wrong)

Exercise 8

(Choose the correct response for each of the sentences)

Exercise 9

(Complete the sentences)

Exercise 10

(Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps)

Advanced
Exercise 1
(Put the verbs into the correct form)
Exercise 2
(Write the verb in the correct tense to form a conditional sentence)
Exercise 3
(Complete the sentences, by matching each beginning with the correct ending)
Exercise 4
(Multiple choice)
Exercise 5
(Chose correct form)
Exercise 6
(Put in the verbs in brackets)

Exercise 7

(complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form)

Exercise 8

(decide if unless or as long as should be used)

Exercise 9

(Choose A, B or C)

Exercise 10

(type the correct form)

The Suppositional Mood
Intermediate
Exercise 1
(Complete with the right tense)
Exercise 2
(complete the following phrases)

Advanced
Exercise 1
(complete the text)
Exercise 2
(Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence)
Exercise 3
(complete the text)


TEST
KEY