The Adverb. Meaning. Classification according to the meaning. Degrees of comparison.

What is an Adverb?

An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. It "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ranquickly). In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the verb that it modifies is in italics.

• John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
• Afterwards she smoked a cigarette. (When did she smoke?)
• Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)

But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs (It works verywell). Look at these examples:

• Modify an adjective:
  - He is really handsome. (How handsome is he?)
  - That was extremely kind of you.
• Modify another adverb:
  - She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?)
  - He drives extremely fast.

Adverb Form

We make many adverbs by adding -ly to an adjective, for example:

• quick (adjective) > quickly (adverb)
• careful (adjective) > carefully (adverb)
• beautiful (adjective) > beautifully (adverb)

There are some basic rules about spelling for -ly adverbs. See the table below:

Adjective ending	do this	adjective	adverb
most adjectives	add -ly	quick nice sole careful	quickly nicely solely carefully
-able or -ible	change -e to -y	regrettable horrible	regrettably horribly
-y	change -y to -ily	happy	happily
-ic	change -ic to -ically	economic	economically

But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. The words friendly, lovely, lonely and neighbourly, for example, are all adjectives.

And some adverbs have no particular form. Look at these examples:

• well, fast, very, never, always, often, still

Kinds of Adverbs

Here you can see the basic kinds of adverbs.

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or way in which something happens. They answer the question "how?". Adverbs of Manner mainly modify verbs.

• He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)
• They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)
• James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his cars?)

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the question "where?". Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs.

• Please sit here. (Where should I sit?)
• They looked everywhere. (Where did they look?)
• Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked?)

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of Time mainly modify verbs.

They can answer the question "when?":

• He came yesterday. (When did he come?)
• I want it now. (When do I want it?)

Or they can answer the question "how often?":

• They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?)
• We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?)

Adverbs of Degree

Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question "how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

• She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?)
• Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?)
• He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously? How dangerously did he drive?)

Adverb Position

When an adverb modifies a verb, there are usually 3 possible positions within the sentence or clause:

1. FRONT - before subject		Now	I will read a book.
2. MID - between subject + verb	I	often	read books.
3. END - after verb/object	I read books	carefully.

When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, it usually goes in front of the word that it modifies, for example:

	adverb	adjective
She gave him a	really	dirty	look.
	adverb	adverb
We	quite	often	study English.

The position of an adverb often depends on the kind of adverb (manner, place, time, degree). The following table gives you some guidelines for placement based on the kind of adverb.

Warning: these are guidelines only, and not complete. There are many exceptions.
kind of adverb		mainly modifies	sentence			usual position
				adverb
manner		verbs	She stroked his hair	gently.		END
place		verbs	He was working	here.		END
time	definite	verbs	He finished the job	yesterday.		END
	frequency		We	often	go to Paris.	MID
degree		verbs, adjectives and adverbs	I	nearly	died.	MID
			It was	terribly	funny.	before adjective
			He works	really	fast.	before adverb

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question "How frequently?" or "How often?". They tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples:

1. daily, weekly, yearly

1. often, sometimes, rarely

You probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like daily we know exactly how often. The words in a) describe definite frequency. On the other hand, words like often give us an idea about frequency but they don't tell us exactly. The words in b) describe indefinite frequency.

Comparison of Adverbs

Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of comparison – the positive, the comparative and the superlative. The different degrees of comparison are formed in different ways:

Short adverbs having just one syllable form the comparative and the superlative by the addition of –er and –est to the positive.

Hard (positive), harder (comparative), hardest (superlative)

Soon, sooner, soonest

Fast, faster, fastest

Late, later, latest

Loud, louder, loudest

Clean, cleaner, cleanest

Clear, clearer, clearest

Low, lower, lowest

High, higher, highest

Note that almost all adverbs which are also used as adjectives belong to this class.

Adverbs ending in –ly

Adverbs which end in –ly take more for the comparative and most for the superlative.Softly (positive), more softly (comparative), most softly (superlative)

ExceptionThe adverb early is an exception to this rule.Early (positive), earlier (comparative), earliest (superlative)Some adverbs form their comparative and superlative degrees in an irregular manner:Far (positive), farther, further (comparative), farthest, furthest (superlative)

Notes

It should be noted that only adverbs of time, degree and manner have three degrees of comparison.Adverbs such as now, then, once, there, where, why, how, not, never, ever etc., cannot be compared and hence they do not have the three degrees of comparison.

Exercises:


Elementary

 Exercise 1  Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill in the blanks with the corresponding adverb

 Exercise 2 Multiple-choice exercise

 Exercise 3  Order the words on the right from least (0) to most (+++) frequent

 Exercise 4 Multiple-choice exercise 

 Exercise 5 Choose the adverb in each sentence by clicking on the red button next to your choice 

 Exercise6 Decide which adjective or adverb needs to be used in order to make the sentence correct  

 Exercise7 Form adverbs to the given adjectives

 Exercise8 Click on words to build sentences 

 Exercise9 Think about whether you should use the adverb or the adjective in each of these sentences  

Exercise10  Change the following adjectives into adverbs of manner and complete the sentences below

Intemediate

Exercise 1 Match the items on the right to the items on the left

Exercise 2 Write the following sentences with the given frequency adverb or adverbial phrase

Exercise 3 Multiple-choice exercise

Exercise 4 Fill in the blank with the correct comparative form of the adverb 

Exercise 5 In each of the following pairs, indicate whether the highlighted word is an adverb or an adjective

Exercise 6 Choose the best answer

Exercise 7 Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb

Exercise 8 Compare the following adverbs

Exercise 9 Fill in the words in brackets as adjective or adverb as in the example

Exercise 10 Choose the correct answer below to fill the gap

Advanced

Exercise 1 Multiple-choice exercise

Exercise 2 Multiple-choice exercise

Exercise 3 Complete sentences by filling in a suitable adverb

Exercise 4 Fill in the correct adverb form (comparative or superlative) of the adjectives in brackets.

Exercise 5 Put the words in the correct order

Exercise 6 Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its usual position. 

Exercise 7 choose from the list of adjectives and adverbs in the box below

Exercise 8 Fill in all the gaps, then press "Check" to check your answers

Exercise 9 Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers

Exercise 10 For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below

TEST
KEY