The Gerund. Nominal and Verbal Characteristic Features of the Gerund. Syntactical Functions of the Gerund. The Use of the Gerund

The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character. 

The gerund is formed by adding the suffix ‑ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I. 

The double nature of the gerund 

As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. 

The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows: 

1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative. 

They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT) 

I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT) 

The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE) 

2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition. 

I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway) 

3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun. 

“I wonder at Jolyon’s allowing this engagement,” he said to Aunt Ann. 

(Galsworthy) 

«Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он 

тетушке Энн. 

Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy) 

Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней? 

The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle: 

1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object. 

I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their 

language. (Swift) 

2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb. 

She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy) 

There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways: 

(a) by a noun. 

Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield) 

Танцы еще не начались. 

(b) by an infinitive. 

She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. (Lawrence) 

Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано. 

It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy) 

Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло. 

(c) by деепричастие. 

And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (Du Maurier) 

И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел. 

On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through 

his. (Dickens) 

Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку. 

(d) by a subordinate clause. 

Не regretted now having come. (Galsworthy) 

Теперь он сожалел, что пришел. 

The use of the gerund 

In Modern English the gerund is widely used and often competes with the infinitive. 

In the following cases only the gerund is used: 

1. With the verbs and verbal phrases: to avoid, to burst out, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to fancy (in imperative sentences as an exclamation of surprise), to finish, to forgive, to give up, to go on, to keep (on), to leave off, to mind (in negative and interrogative sentences), to postpone, to put off, cannot help, and some others. 

He avoided looking at Savina. (Wilson) 

Он избегал смотреть на Сабину. 

...she burst out crying. (Collins) 

Она расплакалась. 

We all burst out laughing. (Braine) 

Мы все рассмеялись. 

She denied having been at the station that evening. (Gaskell) 

Она отрицала, что была в тот вечер на станции. 

...he enjoyed thinking of her as his future wife. (Eliot) 

...ему доставляло удовольствие думать о ней как о своей будущей жене. 

Excuse my leaving you in the dark a moment. (Dickens) 

Извините, что я на минуту оставлю вас в темноте. 

Fancy finding you here at such an hour! (Hardy) 

Я даже и представить себе не мог, что застану вас здесь в такое время! 

Forgive my speaking plainly. (Hardy) 

Простите, что я говорю так прямо. 

When the Committee had finished deciding on its politics, he had gone 

home. (Heym) 

Когда комитет кончил разрабатывать свой план действий, он пошел 

домой. 

Willoughby gave up singing and looked at Karen and Yates from under 

drooping eyelids. (Heym) 

Уиллоуби перестал петь и исподлобья посмотрел на Карен и Йейтса. 

They went on talking. (Hardy) 

Они продолжали разговаривать. 

Doctor keeps coming and having a look at me. (Priestley) 

Доктор продолжает (не перестает) навещать меня и осматривать. 

It was quite rough; but I kept on rowing. (Hemingway) 

Озеро было неспокойно, но я продолжал (не переставал) грести. 

I have left off shooting. (Eliot) 

Я перестал охотиться. 

Do you mind my asking you one or two more questions? (Collins) 

Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я задал вам еще один-два вопроса? 

Would you mind waiting a week or two? (Dreiser) 

Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы подождать недельку-другую? 

I don’t mind going and seeing her. (Hardy) 

Я ничего не имею против того, чтобы навестить ее. 

We could put off going over the house. (Eliot) 

Мы могли бы отложить осмотр дома. 

She couldn’t help smiling. (Mansfield) 

Она не могла не улыбнуться. 

2. With the following verbs and verbal phrases used with a preposition: to accuse of, to agree to, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to insist on, to look like, to object to, to persist in, to prevent from, to rely on, to speak of, to succeed in, to suspect of, to thank for, to think of, to give up the idea of, to look forward to, not to like the idea of, to miss an (the) opportunity of and some others. 

They accuse me of having dealt with the Germans. (Heym) 

Меня обвиняют в том, что я имел дело с немцами. 

It was clear now... that Abraham never had agreed to their being married to- 

day. (Stone) 

Теперь было ясно, что Авраам никогда не соглашался на то, чтобы они 

поженились сегодня. 

You did not approve of my playing at roulette. (Eliot) 

Вы не одобряли того, что я играла в рулетку. 

All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me. (Eliot) 

Все счастье моей жизни зависит от того, полюбите ли вы меня. 

I don’t feel like going out. (Wilson) 

Мне не хочется выходить. 

I don’t want to bore you with all this, but I feel like talking. (Priestley) 

Я не хочу надоедать вам всем этим, но мне хочется поговорить. 

I insist on being treated with a certain consideration. (Shaw) 

Я настаиваю на том, чтобы ко мне относились внимательнее. 

It looks like raining. 

Похоже, Что будет дождь. 

I object to his having any acquaintance at all with my sister. (Dickens) 

Я против того, чтобы он был знаком с моей сестрой. 

I rushed out to prevent her from seeing this dreadful sight. (Conan Doyle) 

Я выбежал, чтобы не дать ей увидеть это ужасное зрелище. 

...you may rely on my setting matters right. (Collins) 

...вы можете рассчитывать на то, что я все улажу. 

My medical adviser succeeded in saving my life... (Collins) 

Моему врачу удалось спасти мне жизнь... 

You suspect me of stealing your diamond. (Collins) 

Вы подозреваете меня в том, что я украл ваш брильянт. 

I resolved not to think of going abroad any more. (Defoe) 

Я решил больше не думать о путешествиях. 

I really thank you heartily for taking all this trouble. (Hardy) 

Я сердечно благодарен вам за то, что вы взяли на себя все эти заботы. 

So he returned his straitened means to his pocket and gave up the idea of 

trying to buy the boys. (Twain) 

Он снова убрал свое жалкое состояние в карман и отказался от 

намерения постараться подкупить мальчиков. 

I think everybody looked forward to his coming back. (Maugham) 

Я думаю, все с нетерпением ждали того момента, когда он вернется. 

Не did not like the idea of being hunted down by Butler. (Dreiser) 

Ему не улыбалась мысль, что Батлер будет его преследовать. 

Don’t miss the opportunity of hearing this pianist. 

He упустите случая послушать этого пианиста. 

3 With the following predicative word-groups (with, or without a preposition): to be aware of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be guilty of, to be indignant at, to be pleased (displeased) at,1 to be proud of, to be sure of, to be surprised (astonished) at, to be worth (while), and some others. 

 If the word-group to be pleased (displeased) is followed by a noun or pronoun the preposition with is used; 

I am pleased with you (with your paper). 

Sir Pitt Crawley was not aware of Becky’s having married Rawdon. 

Сэр Питт Кроули не знал, что Бекки вышла замуж за Родона. 

I felt physically incapable of remaining still in any one place and morally 

incapable of speaking to any one human being. (Collins) 

Я чувствовал, что я физически не в состоянии, оставаться на одном 

месте и морально не в состоянии говорить с кем бы то ни было. 

I am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde) 

Я очень люблю, когда на меня смотрят. 

You are really guilty of having connived with a German officer to help his 

escape. (Heym) 

Вы действительно виновны в том, что способствовали побегу немецкого 

офицера. 

Mr. Osborne was indignant at his son’s having disobeyed him. Мистер 

Осборн был в негодовании от того, что сын его ослушался. 

...she was not pleased at my coming. (Hichens) 

...она была недовольна, что я пришел. 

Miss Crawley was greatly displeased at Rawdon’s having married Becky. 

Мисс Кроули была очень недовольна, что Родон женился на Бекки. 

...nobody knows better than I do that she (Mrs. Copperfield)... is proud of 

being so pretty. (Dickens) 

...уж я-то знаю: она... гордится тем, что она такая хорошенькая. 

Are you quite sure of those words referring to my mother? (Collins) 

Вы совершенно уверены, что эти слова относятся к моей матери? 

The bridal party was worth seeing. (Eliot) 

Свадьбу стоило посмотреть.

Exercises

Intermidiate Level

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Advanced Level

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

New Exercises

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Test
Key

The Infinitive. Infinitive Constructions

Infinitive

Definition: Infinitive is the base form of the verb. The infinitive form of a verb is the form which follows "to".

For example:

(to) go, (to) be,(to) ask, (to) fight, (to) understand, (to) walk .

Infinitives may occur with or without the infinitive marker "to".

The to-infinitive is used:

• after certain verbs. e.g. want, wish, agree, fail, mean, decide, learn
• after the auxiliaries to be to, to have to, and ought to
• in the pattern 'it is + adjective + to-infinitive'

Examples

with 'to'

• You will have to ask her
• You are to leave immediately
• He ought to relax
• She has to go to Berlin next week
• It's easy to speak English
• It is hard to change jobs after twenty years
• It's stupid to believe everything you hear

Infinitives without "to" are known as "bare infinitives". 

Examples

without 'to'

• I would rather visit Rome.
• She would rather live in Italy.
• Would you rather eat steak or fish?
• He would rather work in a bank.
• I'd rather be a forest than a tree.

 Verbs which are normally followed by the infinitive form:-

  afford | agree | appear | arrange | ask | attempt | care | choose | claim | come | consent | dare | decide | demand | deserve | determine | elect | endeavour | expect | fail | get | guarentee | hate | help | hesitate | hope | hurry | incline | intend | learn | long | manage | mean | need |offer | plan | prepare | pretend | promise | refuse | resolve | say | seem | tend | threaten | want | wish 

For example:

• I can't afford to go to the pub.
• He agreed to practise more.
• You should learn to express yourself.
• They managed to fix the problem. 

There are three Infinitive constructions in Modern English:

1. the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction;
   
2. the Subjective Infinitive Construction;
   
3. the for-to-Infinitive Construction 

The Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction is a syntactic structure in which the Infinitive is in the predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.

The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used:

 1. after the verbs denoting sense perception (to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, etc.):

I heard Mother come in.

Harry watched him place the hat upon his head (J.K. Rowling).

2. after the verbs denoting mental activity (to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to find, to feel, to trust, etc.):

I believe him to have no conscience.
I have never known her to be late before. 

3. after the verbs of declaring (to pronounce, to declare, to report):

The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.

4. after the verbs denoting wish and intention (to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend):

I want you to come and dine with me.
He intended me to go to India with him.

5. after the verbs and expressions denoting feeling and emotion (to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot bear, etc.):

I hate him to be teased. 

6. after the verbs denoting order and permission (to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc.):

The colonel ordered the troops to move back.7. after the verbs of compulsion (to make, to cause, to get, to have):

The noise caused her to awake.
Have the next patient come in, please. 

 

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is a construction in which the Infinitive is in the predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence. The Infinitive here stands after the Predicate which, in the majority of cases, is in the Passive Voice. Thus this construction may be called “split” since its parts are detached.

 

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following groups of verbs in the Passive Voice:


1. with the verbs denoting sense perception (to see, to hear, etc):

The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.


2. with the verbs denoting mental activity (to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, etc.):

He was thought to be honest and kind.

3. with the verb to make in the causative meaning:

Little Dora was made to put on her coat.

4. with the verbs to say and to report:

The President is reported to arrive on Friday.

5. with the expressions to be likely, to be sure, to be certain:

He is sure to marry her.

The for-to-Infinitive Construction is a construction in which the Infinitive is in the predicate relation to a noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition for. Its use is not preconditioned by certain lexical groups of verbs, so its syntactic functions in a sentence are numerous.

The functions of the for-to-Infinitive Construction are as follows:

1. subject (often with the introductory it):

It would be difficult for me to ask about it / For me to ask would be difficult.

2. predicative:

That was for him to find out.

3. complex object:

He waited for her to speak.

4. attribute:

The best thing for you to do is to hide here.

5. adverbial modifier:

1. of purpose: He stepped aside for me to pass.
   

2. of result: The temptation was too great for me to resist.

Exercises

Elementary

 Exercise 1 

(Verb+ ing or + infinitive. Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets.)

 Exercise 2

(Change the verb in brackets into the correct form, note that in some cases both forms can be correct).

 Exercise 3

(Change the verb in brackets into the correct form, note that in some cases both forms can be correct).

Exercise 4 

(Change the verb in brackets into the correct form, note that in some cases both forms can be correct).

Exercise 5

(Choose the correct form infinitive with or without to or gerund).

Exercise 6

(Test your knowledge on Infinitive and Gerund)

Exercise 7

(Test your knowledge on Infinitive and Gerund)

Exercise 8

(Test your knowledge on Infinitive and Gerund)

Exercise 9

(Want plus infinitive. Choose the right answer)
Exercise 10
(Put the verb into either the gerund (-ing) or the infinitive (with 'to'))

Intermediate

 Exercise 1
(Change the verb in brackets into the correct form, note that in some cases both forms can be correct).
Exercise 2

(Complete the sentences using infinitive constructions. Remember that the verb before the Infinitive Construction must be in Simple Past.)

Exercise 3

(Decide whether to use Infinitive (with/without to) or Gerund)

Exercise 4 

(Infinitive with 'to' or -ing. Complete the sentences)

Exercise 5

(Find the infinitive of the verbs and don't forget 'to')
Exercise 6
(Complete with the right verb)
Exercise 7
(Choose the most appropriate answer)
Exercise 8 
(Choose the right verb) 
Exercise 9
(Put the verb into the gerund or the infinitive)
Exercise 10 
(Put the vern into the gerund or the infinitive)

 

Advanced

Exercise 1

('The Infinitive'. Choose the right answer, if you doubt just miss the question)

Exercise 2

(Change the verb in brackets into the correct form, note that in some cases both forms can be correct).

Exercise 3

(Imagine you work in a tourist information. Tell your colleague what the tourists asked you. Transform the direct speech into infinitive constructions.)

Exercise 4

(Infinitive or Gerund? - Which is correct?)

Exercise 5

( Locate the infinitive phrase  in each sentence.  Identify each as adverbial, adjectival, or nominal. Type the entire infinitive phrase and its function into the box below the sentence.)

Exercise 6

(Verbs followed by the infinitive. Choose the right verb)

Exercise 7

(Choose the most appropriate answer)
Exercise 8
(Gerund or Infinitive. Choose the right verb)
Exercise 9
(Gerund or Infinitive. Choose the right verb)
Exercise 10
(Infinitive Constructions. Choose the correct variant)

Test
Key to Test

The Infinitive.(Forms, Use, Functions)

Theory

The infinitive is a verbal form (a non-finite verb form) which consists of the base form of the verb with the particle "to". (to do, to go)

The infinitive names an action (to drive a car) or state (to be sick), but cannot show person, number, or mood. The infinitive has active and passive forms (to take; to be taken).
The infinitive can have a direct object (he plans to visit a museum) or a prepositional object (he wants to know about it) and can be modified by an adverb (he tried to walk slowly).

Forms of Infinitive:

The infinitive has the following active and passive forms: 
-simple (to write) - I asked him to write a report.
-continuous (to be writing) - He is supposed to be writing a report now.
-perfect (to have written) - He appears to have written a report already.
-perfect continuous (to have been writing) -  He seems to have been writing a report for two hours already.
-simple passive (to be written) - I expect his report to be written tomorrow.
-perfect passive (to have been written) - I expect his report to have been written by now.

Simple active and passive forms are the most common. Compound (analytical) forms of the infinitive are not used very often in general speech and writing. Appropriate tense forms are normally used instead of them. For example: He seems to have been writing a report for two hours already. – It seems that he has been writing a report for two hours already.

The use of the Infinitive for the expression of time:
The infinitive expresses time only relatively, i.e., in relation to the action expressed by the verb in the predicate.
The action indicated by the infinitive can be simultaneous with the action expressed by the verb in the predicate: he seemed to be sleeping; he is trying to work.
The action indicated by the infinitive can precede the action expressed by the verb in the predicate: the rain seems to have stopped; it is nice to have talked to you.
The action of the infinitive after the action of the verb in the predicate is understood from the context and meaning: he intends to do it tomorrow; the goods are to be delivered next week.

The use of the Bare Infinitive:
The word to is frequently used with an infinitive, but it is not an essential part or sign of it. When an infinitive is used without the marker to it is called a bare infinitive.

The bare infinitive is used:
1. after certain verbs like bid, let, make, see, hear, need, dare etc.
-I bade him go.
-Let him sit there.
-She made me cry.
-I heard him sing a lovely song

2. after the modal verbs will, would, shall, should, may, might, can, could and must.
-I will wait
-I can speak
-You should go

3. after had better, would rather, sooner than and rather than

But there are structures where to-infinitive and the bare infinitive are both possible. Expressions with do or did, such as what I've done or all I did can follow either pattern.
- I hate shopping so what I've done is (to) order a new computer over the Internet.
- All I did was (to) suggest that she should lend him no more money. I didn't insist on it.

Syntactical functions of the Infinitive:
The Infinitive can function as:
1. a part of the compound verbal predicate - she can drive.
2. a part of the compound nominal predicate - his aim is to help you.
3. the subject of the sentence - to quit now is a mistake.
4. an object - he likes to dance.
5. an attribute - he has no desire to see them.
6. an adverbial modifier of purpose - he came here to study.
7. an adverbial modifier of consequence - he was too tired to go out.

Practice

Elementary

Ex 1 - Choose the correct form (infinitive with or without to).
Ex.2 - Choose and fill in the correct form of the verbs (infinitive with or without to).
Ex.3 - Drag over the sentences into the necessary area.
Ex.4 - Drag over the verbs into the necessary area.
Ex. 5 - Drag the ball to the right or left grey box, whichever is appropriate.

Ex. 6 - Choose the best answer.
Ex. 7 - Fill in the gerund in the first gap and the to-infinitive in the second. If a form is not allowed, mark the gap with "#".
Ex. 8 - Mix and then match.
Ex. 9 - Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the infinitive.
Ex. 10 -  For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.
Ex. 11 - Choose the correct answer.
Ex. 12 - Fill in the correct infinitive forms to the given verb forms. Do not use the to.

Intermediate:

Ex.1 - Quiz.

Ex. 2 - Quiz.

Ex 3 - Choose the correct answer.

Ex 4 - Choose the correct answer.

Ex 5 - Transform the direct speech into infinitive constructions.
Ex. 6 - Test.
Ex. 7 - Complete with infinitive, bare infinitive or gerund.
Ex. 8 - Chose the correct variant.
Ex. 9 - Quiz.
Ex. 10 - Choose the most appropriate answer.
Ex. 11 - Choose the correct answer.


Advanced:

Ex.1 - Choose the correct answer.
Ex.2 - Choose the best answer.
Ex. 3 - Quiz (consists of 3 parts).
Ex. 4 - Quiz.
Ex.5 - Put in the correct form.
Ex.6 - Quiz.
Ex.7 - Choose the correct answer.
Ex. 8 - Choose the correct answer.
Ex.9 - Choose the correct answer.
Ex.10 - Change the verb in brackets into the correct form.


Test - The Infinitive - level: Upper-Intermediate/Advanced.
Ответы для проверки. 

Moods

1. Direct

- the Indicative - expresses facts (i.e. the speaker represents the action as a real fact). Verbs in the Indicative mood have tense, aspect, voice.

e.g. He phoned an hour ago that he was starting at once.

- the Imperative - expresses the will of the speaker in the form of commands and requests.

- commands 

- requests 

- Let's 

- Will you

2. Oblique

- the Conditional - expresses the unreal action the unreality of which is due to the absence of the necessary conditions.

e.g. If I were free I'd go for a walk.

- Subjunctive II - represents the action as contrary to reality.

e.g. Oh, I wish I'd never seen him.

- the Suppositional - represents the action as problematic but not contradicting to reality ( i.e. as desirable, suggested, supposed).

e.g. It was better that she should go to Madam Donovan.

- Subjunctive I - is close to the suppositional mood in its meaning but is mostly used in the language of official documents and the American variant of English.

e.g. God save the Queen.

SUBJUNCTIVE I AND II

SUBJUNCTIVE I.

Subjunctive I is close to the Suppositional mood in its meaning (i.e. represents the action as problematic but not contradicting to reality, that is
as desirable, suggested, supposed, etc.).

I. Subjunctive I has only one form - the form which is homonymic with the form of the Indefinite (Simple) Infinitive:

I	be, write
he/she/ it
we
you
they

Subjunctive I is never used with the reference to the past.
Subjunctive I is never used with the negation.

The use of Subjunctive I.

№	The usage	The example
1.	In simple sentences (usually exclamatory) with an optative meaning.	So be it! Successattend you! God blessyou!
2.	In subject clauses after the principal clauses denoting subjective appraisal of the action or situation described in the subordinate clause (e.g. it is necessary/ impossible/ strange/ annoying/ a shame/ a pity/ etc. + that).	It's incredible that sherise so early.
3.	In object, predicative and attributive clauses after verbs and nouns denoting suggestion, demand, recommendation and order (e.g. to demand/ insist/ suggest/ advise/ request/ etc; suggestion/ advice/ recommendation/ etc. + that).	He suggested that wetake part in the party.
4.	In object, predicative and appositive clauses after the expressions denoting feelings (e.g. to be glad/ afraid/ sorry/ anxious/ etc. + that).	He was sorry that we miss the concert.
5.	In object, predicative and appositive, clauses after the expressions of fear (e.g. to fear, to worry, to be afraid, for fear, worry, etc.) with the conjunction lest.	They were afraid lest we be late.
6.	In adverbial clauses of purpose after the conjunctions' in case, in order that, so that.	Close the window so that we be warm.

SUBJUNCTIVE II.

Subjunctive II represents the action as unreal, as contrary to reality.
I. the Past Indefinite (were, went) - the non - perfect form - refers the action to the present or the future, i.e. expresses simultaneousness.
II. the Past Perfect (had been/gone) - the perfect form - refers the action to the past (when the action is not fulfilled), i.e. expresses priority.

The use of Subjunctive II.

№	The usage	The example
1.	In adverbial clauses of unreal condition after the conjunctions if, on condition, in case, and of concession after even if, eventhough.	I'd do it at once if I were you. Even though he were free, he wouldn't go with us.
2.	In object clauses after the verb to wish to express an unreal desired action.	I wish I could skate (the action refers to the present and the future) I wish you had come to the party. (the action refers to the past) I wish you would stoplistening to that terrible music. (expressing annoyance)
3.	In exclamatory sentences to express a wish which cannot be fulfilled after if only.	If only he had given me a chance!
4.	In adverbial clauses after the conjunctions as if, as though	He smiled as if he were amused by my joke. You look as if you had not slept.
5.	After the expressions it’s time, it’s high time.	It’s time he were here.
6.	In adverbial clauses of purpose after the conjunctions so that, in order that, in case.	Put down my phone number so that you could get in touch with me whenever you want.
7.	In simple sentences to express a) advice b) preference.	a) It's getting dark. You hadbetter switch on the light. b) I would rather (sooner) stayat home.

NOTE: If it's necessary to use a modal verb, we use it instead of the auxiliary verb.

Online exercises:

Intermediate

exercise 1
(Chose the right verb in the right tense)
exercise 2
(Express the subjunctive)
exercise 3
(Choose the right verb)
exercise 4
(Subjunctive Quiz)
exercise 5
(Put in the correct verb forms)
exercise 6
(English exercise "I wish I were...")
exercise 7
(Write the verb in brackets in the subjunctive)
exercise 8
(Choose the right verb)
exercise 9
(Real or unreal? Indicative Mood or Subjunctive Mood? Choose the most appropriate answer)
exercise 10
(Real or unreal? Indicative Mood or Subjunctive Mood? Choose the most appropriate answer)

exercise 11

(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 12
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 13
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 14
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 15

(Read the choices and choose the best answer)

Advanced

exercise 1
(Gap-fill Exercise)
exercise 2
(Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning)
exercise 3
(Choose the most appropriate answer)
exercise 4
(Choose the most appropriate answer)
exercise 5
(Choose the most appropriate answer)
exercise 6
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)

exercise 7

(Read the choices and choose the best answer)

exercise 8

(Read the choices and choose the best answer)

exercise 9
(Read the choices and choose the best answer)
exercise 10
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 11
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 12
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 13
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 14
(Choose the best answer)
exercise 15
(Interactive exercises on subjunctive)

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